​​Non-U.S.Citizen Voting​

The League of Women Voters of Vermont supports the inclusion of non-U.S. citizens residing in Vermont municipalities, in some of our local democratic processes, at municipal, school district, and special district level (i.e. solid waste, water, etc.)

Non-US Citizen Voting in Vermont. Overview of the voting process for non-U.S. citizens in three Vermont cities, Montpelier, Winooski, and Burlington.
Non US Citizen Voting in Vermont Video (English, 6 minutes 49 seconds)

In the United States, only U.S. citizens are able to vote in federal and state elections. However, cities and towns can allow non-U.S. citizens to vote in municipal and local elections. This means that immigrant community members, including asylum seekers, refugees, green card holders, and Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients, are able to vote for positions like mayor, city councilors and, in some cases, school board, ballot issues, and local budgets. They can also run for some municipal and school offices. 

As of 2024, 19 different localities allow non-U.S. citizens to vote in local elections, while seven states – Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana, North Dakota, and Ohio – prohibit it entirely. In Vermont, three towns currently allow non-U.S. citizen voting: Winooski, Montpelier, and Burlington; although, prior to 1828, Vermont had no citizenship limitations on voting.

IMMIGRANTS IN VERMONT

Credit: American Immigration Council, Immigrants in Vermont, 2022

Vermont has a small immigrant population. Most are from Canada (20%), with others from Nepal (7%), Jamaica (6%), Philippines (6%), and Bosnia and Herzegovina (5%). Immigrants are an integral part of Vermont’s diverse cities and towns, contributing to their communities as workers, business owners, taxpayers, and neighbors.

Four percent (27,454) of residents are foreign-born and two percent are non-U.S. citizens (9,551). Three in five immigrants (17,903) are naturalized U.S. citizens, of whom 15,500 are eligible to vote. (Migration Policy Institute, 2022.)

Immigrants make up 3.9 percent of Vermont’s labor force and support the state’s economy in many ways. They contribute hundreds of millions of dollars in federal, state, and local taxes and, as consumers, add more than half-billion dollars to Vermont’s economy. Immigrant entrepreneurs generate tens of millions of dollars in business revenue. More than 92 percent of immigrants speak English “well” or “very well” and 50 percent have a college degree or higher. Since 2020, 40 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients live in Vermont. (American Immigration Council, 2022.)

Credit: American Immigration Council, Immigrants in Vermont, 2022

THE PROCESS IN VERMONT

The process leading to passage of non-U.S. citizen voting is multifaceted. Towns and cities across Vermont are required to amend their town charter, have it approved by voters, and ratified by State Legislature. 

A charter amendment can be proposed by a locally elected legislative body or town resident(s) who obtains petition signatures from five percent of registered voters. A Charter Commission is established to review the charter and conduct public outreach. 

Two public hearings are held to inform residents of the proposed charter amendment and provide voters with options of how this would affect the town. Each hearing is announced at least 30 days in advance by posted and published notice. Feedback is evaluated by the Commission who sends recommendations for consideration to City Council or the Select Board. They can either approve or reject the proposed charter change. 

If approved, the charter amendment is placed on the ballot and voted, by Australian ballot, at Town Meeting, state primary, or general election 17 V.S.A. § 2645.
Generally, charter changes must first be adopted by voters before going to the Legislature as a bill in the House or Senate Government Operations Committee. Upon passage of the bill, it goes to the Governor for signature. If signed, the bill becomes law in the originating municipality; if not signed, the bill becomes law in five days.  Should the Governor veto the bill, the Legislature can either agree or override it. If there is no majority in the Legislature to override a veto, then the veto remains.

NON-U.S. CITIZEN VOTING: BURLINGTON, MONTPELIER, AND WINOOSKI

In Vermont, non-U.S. citizens residing in Burlington, Montpelier, and Winooski can vote in local elections on Town Meeting Day (first Tuesday in March.) Municipal issues and budgets are listed on the Town Meeting Day ballot. 

To vote in these three cities, non-U.S. citizen residents must be at least 18 years of age by Election Day and compliant with immigration law (green card holder, eligible work permit, refugee, asylum seeker, or Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipient.) 

As a non-U.S. citizen, you can register to vote by completing a Voter Registration Application at your City Clerk’s office and taking the Voter’s Oath. You will need your Vermont Driver’s License or Non-Driver Identification, the last four digits of your social security number or permanent resident card, proof of residency document or related paperwork, Vermont state or local government identification or paperwork; school identification, or utility bill in the voter’s name.

Once the application is processed, registered non-U.S. citizens can vote in all relevant local elections. They receive an official town ballot that is different from that received by U.S. citizens and their names will be listed on a separate Municipal Voter Roll that is held by the City Clerk.

Non-citizen residents of	Burlington	Montpelier	Winooski
REGISTERING TO VOTE
In Person	Burlington City Clerk office 149 Church Street Mon–Fri, 8:00 am to 4:30 pm Election Day. At your polling location	Montpelier City Clerk office 39 Main Street Mon–Fri, 8:00 am to 4:30 pm Election Day: At the polls. Montpelier City Hall 39 Main Street	Winooski City Clerk office 27 W. Allen Street Mon–Fri, 7:30 am to 4:30 pm Election Day: At the polls. Winooski Senior Center 123 Barlow Street
Online	All Legal Resident Voter Registration Form (https://rb.gy/44loq1)	Non-Citizen Voter Registration Form (https://www.montpelier-vt.org/DocumentCenter/View/10466/Non-citizen-Voter-Application)	All-Resident Voter Application(https://rb.gy/u36hbl)
By Mail	Complete the All Legal Resident Registration Form. Mail to: Burlington City Clerk 149 Church Street Burlington, VT 05401	Call the office of the City Clerk, 802.223.9500. Request the Non-Citizen Voter Registration Form. Mail to: Montpelier City Clerk 39 Main Street Montpelier, VT 05602	Complete the All-Resident Voter Application Form. Mail to: Winooski City Clerk 27 W. Allen Street Winooski, VT 05404
Where to Vote	Polling Locations 7 am to 7 pm	Montpelier City Hall 39 Main Street 7 am to 7 pm	Winooski Senior Center 123 Barlow Street 7 am -7 pm
Information	All Legal Resident Voting. Registration Form available in: Arabic | Burmese | Français Kiswahili |Soomaali FREE interpreter services in more than 240 languages for early voting and on Election Day. Call the City Clerk, 802.865.7000 or ask an election official at your polling place League of Women Voters of Vermont Non-U.S. Citizen Voting in Vermont brochure LWVVT video Non-U.S. Citizen Voting in Vermont	City Voter Guide Live interpretation language system League of Women Voters of Vermont Non-U.S. Citizen Voting in Vermont brochure LWVVT video Non-U.S. Citizen Voting in Vermont	Voting In Winooski (multi-lingual videos) Arabic Burmese French Nepali Somali Swahili (www.winooskivt.gov/vote) Materials and ballots available in eight languages League of Women Voters of Vermont Non-U.S. Citizen Voting in Vermont brochure LWVVT video Non-U.S. Citizen Voting in Vermont
Can vote for these offices	Mayor, City Councilors, School Board, City election officers and ballot items pertaining to the City of Burlington	City officials and on city issues such as budgets; Cannot vote on school matters	City and school candidates, budgets, ballot issues
Questions	Burlington City Clerk burlingtontownclerk@burlingtonvt.gov 802.865.7000	John Odum, City Clerk jodum@montpelier-vt.org 802.223.9500	Winooski City Clerk clerk@winooskivt.gov 802.655.6410
RUNNING FOR OFFICE
	Yes, once registered to vote	Yes, once registered to vote, can run for city office	Yes, once registered to vote, can run for municipal, school district, Chittenden County Solid Waste District and Champlain Valley Water District.

HISTORY

Jump to: United States | Federal | States | Cities | Montpelier | Winooski | Burlington

INTERNATIONAL

At least 45 countries allow some form of non-citizen voting in local, regional, and even national elections.^[1] Non-citizens can vote in local elections in Canada, Argentina, Austria, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Czech Republic, Greece, Hong Kong, Iceland, and Lithuania. Although Bolivia and Colombia constitutions explicitly permit non-citizen voting in local elections, it has yet to be implemented in Bolivia. The 1992 Treaty on European Union (EU), commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, created voting rights for noncitizens in EU member states. “Every citizen of the Union residing in a Member state of which he is not a national shall have the right to vote and stand as a candidate at municipal elections in the Member State of which he resides, under the same conditions as nationals of that State.”^[2]

[1] Journal of International Migration and Integration. Noncitizen Voting Rights in the Global Era: a Literature Review and Analysis, Ferris, D., Hayduk, R., Richards, A. et al 2019
[2] Wikipedia. Non-citizen suffrage

UNITED STATES

Source: Ron Hayduk, Professor of Political Science, San Francisco State University

There are over 26 million noncitizens living in the United States. This includes approximately 12.7 million permanent residents and 3.2 million temporary residents who are in the country with legal permission^[3] and 11.0 million unauthorized immigrants living in the country without legal permission^[4]

Non-U.S. citizens were able to vote in the United States from the country’s founding to the early 1920s. Between 1776 and 1926, 40 states and federal territories permitted non-U.S. citizens to vote in local, state, and even federal elections and they were also able to hold public office.^[5]

However, with the influx of new immigrants (23.5 million persons between 1880 and 1920,)^[6] sentiments gradually changed. Distrust and increasing anti-immigrant rhetoric led to the repeal of state voting rights, and by 1900, only 11 states allowed non-U.S. citizen immigrants to vote.

[3] Department of Homeland Security, Estimates of the Lawful Permanent Resident Population in the United States and the Subpopulation Eligible to Naturalize: 2023. Department of Homeland Security. 2022 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics
[4] Pew Research Center. What we know about unauthorized immigrants living in the U.S. 
[5] Ron Hayduk, political scientist, San Francisco State University, 2006
[6] U.S. Census report

FEDERAL

According to the 1996 US Code Title 18, Section 611(a)(2)(3): Voting by Aliens, noncitizens are authorized to vote in local elections if allowed by state law.^[7]

§611: Voting by aliens. 

(a) It shall be unlawful for any alien to vote in any election held solely or in part for the purpose of electing a candidate for the office of President, Vice President, Presidential elector, Member of the Senate, Member of the House of Representatives, Delegate from the District of Columbia, or Resident Commissioner…..

(2) aliens are authorized to vote for such other purpose under a State constitution or statute or a local ordinance; and

(3) voting for such other purpose is conducted independently of voting for a candidate for such Federal offices, in such a manner that an alien has the opportunity to vote for such other purpose, but not an opportunity to vote for a candidate for any one or more of such Federal offices.

(b) Any person who violates this section shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than one year, or both.

On September 26, 2018, the US House of Representatives passed House Resolution 1071, “Recognizing that allowing illegal immigrants the right to vote devalues the franchise and diminishes the voting power of United States citizens.”^[8]

[7] Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the United States House of Representatives U.S. Code https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:18%20section:611%20edition:prelim)%20OR%20(granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section611)&f=treesort&edition=prelim&num=0&jumpTo=true
[8] Congress.gov. H.Res.1071 – Recognizing that allowing illegal immigrants the right to vote devalues the franchise and diminishes the voting power of United States citizens.

STATES

The U.S. Constitution gives states and municipalities the right to decide who is eligible to vote. No state constitution allows for non-U.S. citizen voting.

As of August 2024, seven state constitutions’ ban non-U.S. citizen voting in local and state elections: Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana North Dakota, and Ohio. Additional states are considering bans.

Eleven states have language in their constitutions about citizenship and voting: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Washington DC, Delaware, Florida, Louisiana, Ohio, and North Dakota.

Municipalities can expand voting rights in local elections if there are no explicit state constitutional or legislative impediments and so long as local jurisdictions have the power of home rule. 

Twelve states pose no clear impediments to municipalities passing their own voter qualification laws: Arizona, Illinois, Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin. 

Vermont requires that changes to local charters get approval from the state legislature.

CITIES

Several U.S. cities and towns have passed laws that allow non-U.S. citizens to vote in local elections – school elections, city elections, or both and some cities permit non-U.S. citizens to run for local city and/or school board positions.

Non-U.S. citizen voting is permitted in: 

• Three cities in Vermont: Winooski, Montpelier, and Burlington
• Eleven cities in Maryland: Barnesville, Cheverly, Chevy Chase Section 3, Garrett Park, Glen Echo, Hyattsville, Martin’s Addition, Mount Rainier, Riverdale Park, Somerset, and Takoma Park
• Two cities in California: San Francisco and Oakland
• Washington D.C.
• New York City (enacted December 2021, but ruled unconstitutional by a New York Appellate Court in February 2024. As of March 2024, an appeal has been filed with the state’s highest court, the New York Court of Appeals.)

In cities that allow non-U.S. citizen voting, voter turnout has been consistently low and this may be attributed to fear of deportation, language barriers, lack of community organizing, and inadequate knowledge of voting rights.

Other cities considering non-U.S. citizen voting include Boston, Chicago, Seattle, Los Angeles, San Jose (CA), Portland (ME), Syracuse (NY), and Worcester (MA).

HISTORY: MONTPELIER: NON-U.S. CITIZEN VOTING

Montpelier was the first Vermont city to give non-U.S. citizens the right to vote in local elections. A Montpelier resident initiated a petition drive in 2018 to add legal non-citizen resident voting in city elections to the ballot; her spouse, a non-U.S. citizen, could not vote on issues concerning the city in which she had lived for many years.

The Montpelier City Council placed a proposed amendment on the ballot to allow non-citizens to vote in local elections. In November 2018, Montpelier residents by a 65.7 percent vote (2,857 to 1,488) approved a city charter change to allow non-U.S. citizen voting in municipal elections. However, it would be three more years before non-U.S. citizens could to vote in the Capitol City.

City charter changes must be sanctioned by the state legislature but the Covid-19 pandemic created a delay. Although the House approved the measure, H.207 An act relating to approval of an amendment to the charter of the City of Montpelier regarding non-citizen voting in City elections, failed to win approval in the Senate and languished in Committee. 

The bill passed in May 2021, but was vetoed by Governor Phil Scott who said allowing a town-by-town approach to municipal voting created inconsistency in election policy and the legislature should develop a statewide policy on non-citizen voting rather than let towns decide their own rules. In a special veto session held June 23, 2021, the House voted 103–47 while the Senate voted 20–10 the following day, to override the veto.

Montpelier First Non-Citizen Voting: March 1, 2022

• 12 Total number of non-citizens registered to vote
• 5 Number of non-citizens who voted

On September 27, 2021, ten Vermont voters, The Vermont Republican Party, and The Republican National Committee sued The City of Montpelier and City Clerk John Odum, declaring the statute allowing non-citizen voting as unconstitutional. In a historic January 20, 2023 ruling, the Vermont Supreme Court upheld the lower court verdict, “The statute allowing noncitizens to vote in local Montpelier elections does not violate Chapter II, § 42 because that constitutional provision does not apply to local elections.”

HISTORY: WINOOSKI ALL RESIDENT VOTING

Winooski has the most diverse population in Vermont (U.S. Census) and is home to the state’s largest immigrant, refugee, and New American population. Eighteen percent of residents were born on foreign soil and 11 percent are non-citizens. More than 20 languages are spoken in the school district.

Winooski became the second city in Vermont to allow non- U.S. citizens the right to vote through an amendment to its city charter. The non-citizen voting proposal was the result of an ongoing effort by city officials over two years. First proposed in September 2018, the five-member City Council delayed putting the question on the ballot because they wanted input from their noncitizen residents.

In July 2019, the city of Winooski created a seven-member Charter Commission, two of whom were non-citizen members. The Commission was tasked with “examining options to present Winooski voters with a charter change that would enable non-citizen residents to vote in Winooski municipal elections, protect Winooski voter information…..As part of this process, the Commission is charged with conducting public outreach to the community through public information sessions, forums, and direct outreach.”

Partnering with various organizations, the Commission and its liaisons began using the more inclusive term “All-resident” Voting and reached out to non-English-speaking families through in-person meetings, phone calls, virtual Q&A sessions, public access television, Front Porch Forum, and newsletters. Fact sheets on noncitizen voting were translated and distributed in seven languages.

On July 27, 2020, the Commission submitted a series of recommendations to City Council that would allow all qualified residents to vote in local elections, regardless of citizenship status. City Councilors, after public information sessions and discussions, voted on August 18, 2020 to present the following charter change recommendations to the public for consideration at a special city meeting which would be held in conjunction with the November 3, 2020 General Election.

• Allow all legal residents of the City (including those who are not U.S. citizens) to vote in City and school elections and meetings, provide certain protections to the voter checklists maintained by the City Clerk, and to make other conforming amendments.
• Permit voters to adopt Charter amendments that have been approved by the Vermont Legislature for other municipalities.
• Conform the Charter to state law requirements for signing petitions.

On November 3, 2020, Winooski voters approved the charter change allowing non-U.S. citizens to vote in municipal elections (2479 to 999) and run for local office.
Since city charter changes must be approved by the state legislature, House Bill H.227, an act relating to approval of amendments to the charter of the City of Winooski, was introduced and passed in May 2021 but was vetoed by Governor Phil Scott on June 1. Lawmakers, on June 23 and 24, 2021, overrode his veto, making All-Resident voting in Winooski the law. And, on March 1, 2022, Town Meeting Day, 17 non-U.S. citizens voted in their first election.

Winooski First All-Resident Voting: March 1, 2022

• 56 Total number of non-citizens registered to vote
• 17 Number of non-citizens who voted

On September 27, 2021, ten Vermont voters, The Vermont Republican Party, and The Republican National Committee filed a lawsuit against the City of Winooski, declaring the statute allowing non-citizen voting as unconstitutional. The state Supreme Court, on January 20, 2023, dismissed the case. On March 9 2023, a second complaint was filed against the city of Winooski by two residents, The Vermont Republican Party and The Republican National Committee that allowing noncitizens to vote on matters involving the city’s school board and education budget was unconstitutional. This case was dismissed on November 6, 2023.

HISTORY: BURLINGTON ALL LEGAL RESIDENT VOTING

According to the 2020 American Community Survey 5-year data, 5.5% of the City of Burlington’s population are not U.S. citizens. The passage to non-citizen voting was long and arduous.

2007 

Italian citizen Marta Ceroni moved to Burlington in 2002. Her frustration at being excluded from the “distinctive participatory democracy that Vermont is famous for,” led to founding the Vermont Immigrant Voting Alliance (VIVA). Its purpose was to convince Burlingtonions to allow non-U.S. citizens to vote on Town Meeting Day. In 2007, with permission from the city, VIVA staged a mock election on Town Meeting Day, casting fake ballots in a fake booth at a regular polling location. Backlash caused the group to disband and the issue was not presented to voters.

2011

Progressive City Councilor Vince Brennan and former party chair Emma Mulvaney-Stanak asked City Council to put the question of non-citizen voting on the ballot. Lack of council support resulted in tabling of the issue during deliberations.

2015 

In 2014, councilor Vince Brennan brought back the proposal of non-citizen voting. Supporters of the measure hosted two public discussions and gave presentations about noncitizen voting at neighborhood planning assemblies and PTO meetings. All but two councilors agreed to put the question on Burlington’s ballot in March 2015, which was rejected by voters, 58-42 percent.

2020

Councilman Adam Roof (I-Ward 8) wrote the resolution Expanding Voting Rights in Municipal Elections, which passed City Council mid-November 2019, in a 10-2 vote to add to the 2020 Town Meeting Day ballot, the question of whether non-citizens should be allowed to vote in municipal elections. In January 2020, City Council reversed course and voted 10-2 to leave the question off the March 2020 ballot and sent the motion back to the city’s charter Community Development and Neighborhood Revitalization Committee, allowing additional time for public engagement and education. 

2023

At the September 9, 2021 meeting, the Burlington City Council referred to the City Council Charter Change Committee a proposed charter change to enable non-citizen legal residents of the City to vote in local elections. 

Subsequently a dozen meetings were held to receive public comment. Building community support and voter concerns were a priority. The Committee worked with the City’s chief election officials and Community and Economic Development Office (CEDO) on a community engagement process. Presentations were made at stakeholder groups including Neighborhood Planning Assemblies (NPA) and meetings held with Trusted Community Voices program, with a focus on immigrant and refugee communities. Developing educational materials, frequently asked questions, videos that encouraged voter participation, and providing translations where necessary.

On November 3, 2022, the Committee referred the charter change language back to City Council to be placed on the March 7, 2023 ballot and on Town Meeting Day, Burlington voters approved the charter change by a vote of 7,143-3,366 permitting All Legal Resident Voting – non-U.S. citizens in Burlington could participate in municipal and school board elections and run for office. 

The charter change was approved by the Vermont House and Senate. On May 27, 2023, Governor Phil Scott vetoed H.509, An act relating to approval of amendments to the voter qualification provisions of the charter of the City of Burlington. On June 20, 2023, lawmakers over-rode the veto, with a two-thirds majority vote to allow noncitizen voting in Burlington.

Burlington First All Legal Resident Voting: March 5, 2024

• 102 Total number of non-citizens registered to vote
• 62 Number of non-citizens who voted

On June 18, 2024, two Burlington residents supported by the national nonprofit group Restoring Integrity and Trust in Elections (RITE) sued the City of Burlington over the charter change allowing non-citizen voting in local elections.

RESOURCES

• Bipartisan Policy Center. Four Things to Know about Noncitizen Voting. 2024.7
• Migration Policy Institute. Globally, Voting Rights Have Increased for Immigrants and Emigrants. 2024.5
• Conditional Enfranchisement: How Partisanship Determines Support for Noncitizen Voting Rights, 2024.5
• Ron Hayduk, Marcela García-Castañon, and Vedika Bhaumik. Exploring the Complexities of ‘Alien Suffrage’ in American Political History
  Journal of American Ethnic History 43, no. 2 (2024.1): 70-118
• Chinese for Affirmative Action. Immigrant Voting and the Movement for Inclusion in San Francisco 2023
• Berkeley Public Policy Journal. Noncitizen Voting Rights in the United States. Spring 2019
• Time. Non-Citizens Used to Be Able to Vote in U.S. Elections. Here’s What Changed. 2017
• Journal of International Migration and Integration. Political Rights in the Age of Migration: Lessons from the United States. 2014
• Ron Hayduk, San Francisco State University, “Democracy for All: Restoring Immigrant Voting Rights in the United States” 2006

VERMONT

• League of Women Voters of Vermont. Video Non-U.S. Citizen Voting in Vermont. 2024
• League of Women Voters of Vermont. Brochure Non-U.S. Citizen Voting in Vermont. 2023
• United States Census Bureau. Quick Facts, Vermont. 2023 
• American Immigration Council. Immigrants in Vermont. 2022
• Migration Policy Institute. Vermont Demographics and Social. 2022
• Vermont Institute for Government. Reforming Local Government by Charter. 2020
• https://www.uvm.edu/sites/default/files/Center-for-Rural-Studies/VIG%20Guides/VIG-charter-2020.pdf
• Just Cause Eviction Vermont, The Charter Change Process

BURLINGTON

• H.509, An act relating to approval of amendments to the voter qualification provisions of the charter of the City of Burlington. 2023

LAWSUIT 

• 2024.6.18. Lawsuit by two Burlington residents supported by the national nonprofit group Restoring Integrity and Trust in Elections (RITE)
  Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief. 

MONTPELIER LAWSUITS 

• 2021.9.27. Lawsuit by ten Vermont voters, The Vermont Republican Party, and The Republican National Committee.
• Complaint September 27, 2021
• 2023.1.20. Vermont Supreme Court ruling upholding the lower court verdict.
• Supreme Court opinion, January 20, 2023

WINOOSKI LAWSUITS

• 2021.9.27. Lawsuit by ten Vermont voters, The Vermont Republican Party, and The Republican National Committee. First Complaint September 27, 2021
• 2023.1.20. Vermont Supreme Court ruling upholding the lower court verdict. Supreme Court opinion, January 20, 2023
• 2023.3.9. Second Complaint March 9, 2023
• 2023.11.6 State of Vermont’s Motion to Dismiss, November 6, 2023

LEAGUE POSITION

At its 2023 Convention, the League of Women Voters of Vermont adopted a position on Non-U.S. Citizen Voting.

The League of Women Voters of Vermont supports the inclusion of non-U.S. citizens residing in Vermont municipalities, in some of our local democratic processes, at municipal, school district, and special district level (i.e. solid waste, water, etc.)

Approved June 24, 2023 as a concurrence with the League of Women Voters of Boulder County position statement on Non-U.S. Citizen Rights (2020).